Operations Management in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tasks Management in Business - Assignment Example It encourages the association to decide the business procedure of the firm. In any case, the strategic level incorporates the procedure of venture the board, choice of types of gear, booking of procedures, materials and products traffic taking care of. In this way it handles the whole creation activity of the plant (MITSloan, 2014). The activities of an association permit it to achieve its crucial utilizing the privilege innovative and human recourses driven by the privilege administrative procedures. Activity the executives permits an association of produce merchandise just as administrations. The assembling procedure yields substantial items as yield while the administration tasks produce elusive yield. Tasks the board procedure can be separated in to straightforward advances like Planning, Organizing and Controlling. Arranging includes setting out the diagram of the course of activities. Sorting out builds up the structure of the assignments in question and the chain of importance of specialists. Controlling permits the supervisor to guarantee that the errands are lined up with the plans. Along these lines the activities the board permits a firm to meet its hierarchical objectives by proficiently creating its merchandise and enterprises so as to satisfy the needs of the clients (Kumar and Suresh, 2009). This segment covers the activities capacity of The Bramble Co., which is a furniture discount provider, headquartered in Wisconsin, USA. It supplies completed merchandise to nations like Australia, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Hong Kong, South Africa, New Zealand, and so forth. The organization runs its exclusive assembling plant in Java, Indonesia. The assembling plant covers an enormous zone of seven hectares (The Bramble Co., 2014). The organization utilizes top of the line wood making innovation alongside combination of customary craftsmanship. Thistle utilizes talented laborers from Europe so as to build up a proficient workforce. The organization ships around seventy compartments for each month each having a size of

Information Security Hackers Compromised the MICROS System

Question: Talk about theInformation Securityfor Hackers Compromised the MICROS System. Answer: Section A Break of Oracle Data: Hackers Compromised the MICROS System Presentation The Oracle Corp. has been an enormous programming organization claiming the installment arrangement of retail location Visa called MICROS. The MICROS have been the casualty of cybercrime bunch sorted out in Russia that have been answerable for taking over $1 billion from different organizations in the previous not many years (Hustad, 2013). The reports on this have been hazy with respect to the quantity of influenced people. In any case, there are more than 330,000 sales enrolls across the world utilizing MICROS frameworks. The Problem On August 8, 2016, Brian Krebs, the security master, first declared the issue at Oracle. One client of MICROS reached Krebs in July about a potential significant break at the retail division of Oracle. In this manner, examination was begun by Krebs concerning the cases on 25 July, 2016. Krebs was affirmed by Oracle that there was discovery and tending to of a noxious code in certain MICROS frameworks heritage. Be that as it may, Oracle declined in its elaboration or arrangement for more data. Further, the Oracle solicited all clients from MICROS in resetting their passwords for the online help entrance of MICROS. It must be perceived that among the top retail location worldwide sellers, MICROS is one of the preeminent. There are more than 330,000 sales enlists globally as for the selling of retail location frameworks of Oracles MICROS division. When MICROS was purchased by Oracle in 2014, the organization reported the sending of it at more than 30,000 lodgings in addition to in exces s of 100,000 retail locales, and more than 200,000 outlets of refreshment and food (Krebs, 2016). How the Incident Happened The many PCs having a place with the organization have been influenced by the break. Additionally, online entrance for help that has been being used for remotely tending to any issue of the client. As indicated by Krebs, the usernames and the passwords of MICROS could be taken by the programmers with the ranch of malignant code in the help gateway. This implied with the signing in of the clients, the data was passed onto the assailants (Fox-Brewster, 2016). The unverified report proposes that the Oracle apparently has worries about the digital lawbreakers as far as chances that transfer of malware can be by them into the frameworks of retail location. Those frameworks have association with the stores sales registers which could have the capability of taking charge and Visa numbers (Fox-Brewster, 2016). The examination is continuing in regards to the extension and the size of the break-in. It is likewise muddled in regards to when the Oracle frameworks get to was increased first by the assailants. It is accepted that break was considered by Oracle at first as having impediment to a couple of PCs at the retail division of the organization. Notwithstanding, in the wake of pushing new apparatuses of security to the influenced systems frameworks, the agents of Oracle understood the effect of the interruption to more than 700 frameworks that were tainted (Fox-Brewster, 2016). The malware that depend on retail location has been liable for driving a large portion of the penetrates in regards to Visa over the recent years that incorporates Home Depot and at Target alongside the breaks at the retail location sellers (Yadron, 2016). The establishment of the malware has been by means of devices of remote organization that has been hacked. Once in the retail location gadgets, the malware is stacked by the aggressors, they can be catching the information remotely at that sales register with each card swipes. The information can be sold by the hoodlums to law breakers represent considerable authority in the taken information encoding onto any attractive stripe card and the card can be utilized in purchasing extravagant wares and purchasing gift vouchers from stores, for example, Best Buy and Target (Kirk, 2010). Arrangement The Oracle has been in the process to send to the clients of the MICROS that it said has been constraining the reset of a secret key supporting records on the entryway of the MICROS. Prophet suggested their clients in changing the secret phrase for any record that the MICROS agent has utilized in getting to the clients on premise frameworks. End The happening to the penetrate for Oracle has been at a critical time. This is on the grounds that, Oracle was battling in rivaling the product fat cats, for example, Google and Amazon in the administrations that are cloud based. The break was more than the flare-up of malware at Oracle. Nonetheless, it is far-fetched that the assaulting pack had the disappointment of getting a handle on the force and access tremendousness that has been controlling the help gateway of the MICROS. The worry of the organization was clear in the announcements discharged by Oracle with respect to the trade off of the client accounts certifications at the help gateway of MICROS. This help entryway is usable and managed remotely and in transferring malware that can take the card at certain frameworks identified with the retail location of the client. Part B 2015 Anthem Medical Data Breach Case Presentation In the social insurance industry, there was a flood of frenzy as a result of the penetrate in Anthem. The most important and touchy data of the customers was uncovered uncovering the degree of the ineptness that the wellbeing business was dependent upon the dangers exuding from the complex digital hoodlums. The 100 million wellbeing records have been gotten to by the programmers, which has been more prominent by multiple times than before over the FY 2015 (Zetter, 2015). The Problem The wellbeing safety net provider Anthems director saw in January 2015 that an inquiry that has been strangely perplexing is on the sudden spike in demand for the PC arrange. The underlying investigation was that it was the obligation of a partner, yet it was uncovered after a brisk check it originated from elsewhere (Terhune, 2015). Following couple of moments, the emergency mode appeared for the Anthem. The examiners are of the conviction that it was crafted by Chinese programmers. These programmers worked undetected for a considerable length of time inside the system of the organization. The entrance was picked up by them with a stunt that prompted the representative tapping on a phishing email that was with a mask and seeming as though a message inside sent. With the utilization of the accreditations of the overseer, the database of the Anthem has been brushed by the programmers that contained government disability numbers, names and the birth dates of the individuals to the tune 78 million that have the enlistment since 2004 on the protection plans (Abelson Creswellfeb, 2015). Who Were Affected and How Song of devotion didn't have the correct insurance set up in limiting the hacking danger or constraining the powerless data if there was an invasion in the system. The hacking as of now has cost around $230 million to Anthem in specialist and legitimate expenses. The expenses were for the most part secured by its approach of digital protection (McNeal, 2015). The general advice of Anthem, Thomas Zielinski, in any case, toldthe controllers of protection that since the break, there have been more costs joined to the digital protection. The Anthem has been thinking about the underlying expense ofa breachto the tune of $25 million and the approach offering has been bought by it as much as $100 million as extra inclusion (Weise, 2015). Anticipation of Attack Song of praise plansspending$130 million over the time of two years for shielding its system better from the penetrates. The controllers were guaranteed by the organization that its framework is reinforced with the means, for example, change of secret phrase given to the director in at regular intervals and enrolling 55 specialists identified with digital security (Abelson Goldstein, 2015). The Anthem ought to likewise be actualizing two factor confirmations. Further, they ought to be made obligatory for the clients in requiring changing their passwords. The workers of Anthem ought not be permitted in getting to individual data that has been past their employments scope. A few clients have affirmed Anthem that the cautions were disregarded by the organization. This incorporates one ready that had enduring of a month. There was disappointment with respect to Anthem in executing frameworks that would do checking of the information extraction and utilization. Presently, the organization is enriched with two factor verification for its framework directors of significant level. During the Anthems review, which occurred in September 2013, the auditor general of the Personnel Management of US Office said that Anthem is equipped with vulnerabilities that have been the impetus for hacking movement and malignant infection (Reuters, 2015). These remedial is required to taken by Anthem or it tends to confront fines. How was the Attack Carried Out? The agents of the hacks are of the conclusion that the hacks rose up out of China. Nonetheless, there has been forswearing from the Chinese government concerning their association in hacking. The agents of US accept that their safety net providers were focused by the Chinese programmers as it occurred with Anthem, so they can become familiar with the way back up plan databases and the clinical inclusion can be set up. For insight purposes, there is esteem appended to the records. One of the needs of the Chinese government has been the human services difficulties that they attempts to address as they faces a princely and maturing populace that requests better consideration (Pepitone, 2015). At the point when the revelation of hacking was made by the chairman of Anthem on 27 January, it has been the extraction of the patient pieces of information huge record. It is accepted that the programmers have been for quite a long time in the framework. They remained under the radar as they run different inquiries regarding the database in understanding it before the documents have been evacuated (Terry, 2015). The rehashing designs were utilized by the programmers to remove information and modified the question marginally in maintaining a strategic distance from identification. At that point the information was expelled by them followed by moving it to a scrambled offer site that has comparability with drop box. The decision of the programmers in sharing a simil

The Professional Truck Driver Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Professional Truck Driver Essay, Research Paper The Professional Truck Driver All through the mature ages, the expert truck driver have been given an undeserved degenerate notoriety. At the point when a driver of semi is engaged with a mishap influencing a rider vehicle, individuals naturally accept that the driver of the truck is at botch. Be that as it may, commonly this is non needfully the occurrence. The Department of Transportation researched 1000 lethal hits influencing a major truck and at any rate one rider vehicle. Of these hits, only 24 for every centum of the truck drivers were at botch. The investigation other than states that the vast majority of these bangs are because of the drivers numbness of the constrained capablenesss of these large trucks. All truck drivers on the course today experience an energetic planning class before they are ever permitted to obtain their permit. They need to take pre-business medication and intoxicant preliminary and are other than exposed to irregular demonstrating. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Professional Truck Driver Essay Research Paper or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The specialists other than has government Torahs that control the entirety of driving clasp that they are permitted during the twenty-four hours and hebdomad. Drive Rs are required to take visit interferences and make full out a logbook reporting them. As the wedded lady of an expert truck driver, I have much of the time saw the idiocy of other automobilist. Huge numbers of them due non have any idea what is truly engaged with driving a semi. A truck driver does non hold the capacity to stop and steer each piece simple as the driver of a four-wheeler. There are other than unsighted musca volitanss that every automobilist must see when meeting a tractor-trailer. The authorize automobilist has simply the guidelines of the course to comply. Their punishment for defying them is little contrasted with that of the expert driver. They are given their permit after they complete a preliminary and push around the square. Are the Torahs to permissive? Do we have to hold a progressively broadened planning plan for the mean automobilist? In the event that everybody needed to remain by similar guidelines and laws there would be more cautious automobilists on the course. It is through their messiness that the truck driver has obtained this out of line notoriety. Teamsters are Professional Drivers and ought to be treated with the respect that they merit.

Ernest Hemingway How His Life Affected His Writing - Free Essay Example

Ernest Hemingway was worldly known for his writing style that was composed of brief, straightforward sentences. Hemingway’s unique style eventually led to him being rewarded with the Nobel Prize in 1954. Not only was he known for his style of writing, but the main ideas used in his stories were from experiences he faced in his life himself and he just dramatitized them himself. Some more novels that Hemingway wrote include: The Sun Always Rises, A Farewell to Arms, To Have and Have Not, and For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway’s decisions and things he underwent in his early life ultimately led to events that transpired in his later life. Ernest’s father Clarence Edmonds Hemingway or Ed Hemingway started practice towards being a doctor and when he served his internship re-met his later wife, Grace Hall. Ed Hemingway was helping tend to Grace’s mother because she had cancer. Ed Hemingway and Grace Hall had previously seen each other when they went to the same high school, Oak Park High School. Their letters they sent to each other over a span of six years later led to their marriage in the year of 1896. Grace enjoyed playing music and later found herself teaching music to people. Ed Hemingway and Grace Hemingway had 6 children together, including Ernest. Ernest had an older sister, Marcelline, which was born in January 1898. Ernest also had three younger sisters and younger brother: Ursula, Madelaine or Sunny, Carol and Leicester. Ursula was born in 1902, Madelaine in 1904, Carol in 1911 and Leicester in 1915 (Dearborn 18). Ernest’s mom, Grace Hemingway recorded things about Ernest as a child in his baby book, she would record things that Ernest did as a child that were special and embarrassing. There were photos of Ernest as a baby with his sister and it looked like they were twins and both girls. In that century, it was common for boys to wear girls clothes, but even after, there began to be differences in the clothes between boys and girls. Ernest’s mom still dressed Ernest in girl’s clothes. As a child Ernest was very close with his oldest sister Marcelline. Grace always treated his two older kids as twins, because she had always wanted twins. Not only did Grace dress up Ernest like Marcelline, but she wanted them to be in the same grade so she held Marcelline back a year. Ernest and Marcelline’s relationship were really close as they were children and continued to grow as they became older but their relationship soon became toxic as they reached adulthood. There were cer tain traits that Ernest pointed out in Marcelline’s personality that he didn’t like because they were the same bad traits his mother had (Dearborn 22). Ernest’s parents bought a house on Walloon Lake in northern Michigan the year before he was born. A third of Ernest’s summers were spent at this Michigan lake house. This summer home had a big impact on Ernest as he was growing up and later on in his writings. Michigan is where Ernest experienced the fun in nature and the wilderness in the world. All the Hemingway kids were taught how to shoot a gun and the safety about them by Ed Hemingway, he taught them how to shoot an animal and catch a fish. While at the house on the lake the kids would always fish and hunt. Even though Ernest went to the house in his earlier years there were still consistent appearances of the Michigan house in many of his later works, but one major work that it appeared in was The Nick Adam Stories. The Nick Adam Stories were a group of short stories describing major events in Ernest’s life, from childhood to adulthood. Not only did the summers going to Walloon Lake help develop some of hi s writings, but I believe that it caused Ernest to have a liking for traveling to places and seeing the world (O’Connor, â€Å"When Hemingway Was a Young Fisherman in Michigan†). As Ernest entered in as a freshman into Oak Park and River Forest High School, he wasn’t serious about English and actually had plans to become a doctor. After taking English classes and courses in writing, his plan began to change and he became serious about English. Marcelline and Ernest enjoyed reading magazines that came to their house and competed to see who could finish reading things first, like King James Bible. The later years in high school was when Ernest really began to grow an inspiration and love for writing. Two teachers influenced him extremely, Margaret Dixon and Fannie Biggs. Both teachers took a were interested in helping Ernest, but each helped him differently. Ernest was encouraged and motivated by Miss Dixon when he was beginning to write. Miss Biggs had an club that both Ernest and Marcelline were heavily involved in. Throughout the club, students would send in work and critique each others work with help from Miss Biggs. Miss Biggs was a big influence f or Ernest to focus on the genre of short stories, but Miss Biggs was more influential to Ernest on his path to journalism. Miss Biggs’s journalism class was known for being ran like an actual newspaper office. Both Ernest and Marcelline were picked to be rotating editors for the newspaper. The editors were specifically chosen by Miss Biggs’s to write about different things in the newspaper. Ernest found that sports writing was the easiest for him especially since he played on a couple of sports teams in high school. Ernest’s passion for writing definitely started from high school and flowered into something amazing as can be seen in his writings. His teachers gave him the motivation and opportunity to further his English and writing skills in high school(Dearborn 37-38). In Ernest’s senior year of high school, he started thinking about college. Ernest’s father wanted him to follow his sister, Marcelline, and attend Oberlin, but Ernest liked Cornell better. Ernest told many people that he was going to the University of Illinois, but Ernest’s interest in college disappeared and was more interested at working for the newspaper, The Kansas City Star. Ernest’s uncle Tyler helped Ernest get the apprenticeship at The Kansas City Star because he knew a writer at the newspaper. The newspaper gave Ernest a full-time job in the fall. Ernest was new to writing newspapers, but eventually, he became a very talented newspaper writer. Ernest had the job of interviewing people in a certain area of Kansas, through this he met many people and became more associated with the city. He was taught the rules of the newspaper and the rules happened to become the reason he was such a unique writer. Certainly, obtaining these skills early on in his life helped him because the rules he was taught at the newspaper was the style he was later known for (Dearborn 45-49). During Ernest’s time at the newspaper he wanted to serve in the Great War. Ever since his senior year in high school, Ernest saw the societies’ shift to militarism. This patriotism drew Ernest towards the military life, and caused him to sign with the 7th Missouri Infantry of the National Guard. Ernest’s family was known for having bad eyesight and this caused for the U.S. Unit to not accept him. Luckily, for Ernest the American Red Cross was giving opportunities through ambulance driving in France. The Red Cross was actively recruiting because of the major defeats the Italians faced due to the Austrians. Ernest signed up and told The Kansas City Star he was leaving in April. Ernest made his way from Mestre to Fossalta, which would be the Red Cross base camp. Ernest would go from trench to trench handing out supplies to Italian soldiers. One day as Ernest walking out of the trench and the Austrians started shooting their mortars at them. The explosion caused sold iers to lie dead on the ground or cause major wounds to them. Ernest who had been badly wounded from the shrapnel, caused by the explosion, lifted a badly wounded soldier and walked to the Red Cross dugout. On Ernest’s last steps to the dugout his leg was shot by a machine gun, causing him to be unconscious in the trench. Red Cross drivers took Ernest to Fornaci where they would clean his wounds. For Ernest’s act of heroism, he was awarded The Silver Medal of Military Valor. Many different versions of Ernest’s story would surface. While in the Red Cross hospital in Milan, Ernest was trying to come up with a good fictional novel about his war wounds. Eventually, Ernest wrote, A Farewell to Arms, in 1929. A Farewell to Arms was a love story about a hero, Frederic Henry, and a nurse, Catherine Barkley, that while recovering from his wounds they fell in love. Just like in Ernest’s novel, Ernest ends up having a liking for a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky whil e he was recovering from his war wounds. They spent time together, digging shrapnel out of his leg, sightseeing, and going to races at San Siro. While in the hospital, many have said that Ernest’s experiences had caused his personality to change from a fresh, boyish character to being self-centered. He thought of himself so highly by wearing his uniform with all of his medals and wounds stripes. Not only did this event that Ernest experience tremendously help his fan base later in his life, but it also changed Ernest as a person (Dearborn 59-68). Ernest Hemingway’s early life seeded the origins for his great writing skills and success. From his experience in the wilderness that later led to his love for traveling, his teachers that sparked his inspiration for writing in high school, to his career in journalism that made him known for his unique writing style, to his near death experience that led him to writing an amazing novel. These are only a few examples in Hemingway’s early life that helped his success in his later life. Without these important events Hemingway experienced in his early life, I believe that he wouldn’t be nearly as successful and well-known today.

Why Did Vikings Leave Scandinavia to Roam the World

Viking raids were a characteristic of the Scandinavian early medieval pirates called the Norse or Vikings, particularly during the first 50 years of the Viking Age (~793-850). Raiding as a lifestyle was first established in Scandinavia by the 6th century, as illustrated in the epic English tale of Beowulf; contemporary sources referred to the raiders as ferox gens (the fierce people). The predominant theory for the reasons for the raiding is that there was a population boom, and trading networks into Europe became established, the Vikings became aware of the wealth of their neighbors, both in silver and in land. Recent scholars are not so certain. But there is no doubt that Viking raiding ultimately led to political conquest, settlement on a substantial scale across northern Europe, and extensive Scandinavian cultural and linguistic influences in eastern and northern England. After the raiding all but ended, the period was followed by revolutionary changes in land ownership, society, and economy, including the growth of towns and industry. Timeline of the Raids The earliest Viking raids outside of Scandinavia were small in scope, isolated attacks on coastal targets. Led by the Norwegians, the raids were on monasteries in Northumberland on the northeast coast of England, at Lindisfarne (793), Jarrow (794) and Wearmouth (794), and at Iona in the Orkney Islands of Scotland (795). These raids were chiefly in search of portable wealth--metalwork, glass, religious texts for ransoming, and slaves--and if the Norwegians couldnt find enough in the monastery stores, they ransomed the monks themselves back to the church. By AD 850, Vikings were over-wintering in England, Ireland, and western Europe, and by the 860s, they had established strongholds and taken land, violently expanding their landholdings. By 865, the Viking raids were larger and more substantial. The fleet of hundreds of Scandinavian warships which became known as the Great Army (micel here in Anglo-Saxon) arrived in England in 865 and stayed for several years, running raids on cities on both sides of the English Channel. Eventually, the Great Army became settlers, creating the region of England known as the Danelaw. The Great Armys last battle, led by Guthrum, was in 878 when they were defeated by West Saxons under Alfred the Great at Edington in Wiltshire. That peace was negotiated with the Christian baptism of Guthrum and 30 of his warriors. After that, the Norse went to East Anglia and settled there, where Guthrum became a king in a western European style, under his baptismal name of Æthelstan (not to be confused with Athelstan). Viking Raids to Imperialism One reason the Viking raids succeeded so well was the comparative disarray of their neighbors. England was divided into five kingdoms when the Danish Great Army attacked; political chaos ruled the day in Ireland; the rulers of Constantinople were off fighting the Arabs, and Charlemagnes Holy Roman Empire was crumbling. One-half of England fell to the Vikings by 870. Although the Vikings living in England had become just another part of the English populace, in 980 a new wave of attacks from Norway and Denmark occurred. In 1016, King Cnut controlled all of England, Denmark, and Norway. In 1066, Harald Hardrada died at Stamford Bridge, essentially ending the Norse control of any lands outside of Scandinavia. Evidence for the impact of the Vikings is found in place names, artifacts and other material culture, and in the DNA of todays residents all across northern Europe. Why Did the Vikings Raid? What drove the Norse to raid has been long debated. As summarized by British archaeologist Steven P. Ashby, the most commonly believed reason is population pressure--that the Scandinavian lands were over-populated and the excess population left to find new worlds. Other reasons discussed in the academic literature include the development of maritime technology, climatic changes, religious fatalism, political centralism, and silver fever. Silver fever is what scholars have termed a reaction to the variable availability of Arabic silver flooding into Scandinavian markets. Raiding in the early medieval period was widespread, not restricted to Scandinavians. The raiding emerged in the context of a flourishing economic system in the North Sea region, based primarily on trade with Arab civilizations: Arab caliphates were producing demand for slaves and fur and trading them for silver. Ashby suggests that may have led to Scandinavias appreciation of the increasing quantities of silver entering the Baltic and the North Sea regions. Social Factors for Raiding One strong impulse for building portable wealth was its use as bridewealth. Scandinavian society was experiencing a demographic change in which young men made up a disproportionately large part of the population. Some scholars have suggested that arose from female infanticide, and some evidence for that can be found in historic documents such as Gunnlaug’s Saga and in a reference to the sacrifice of female children at 10th c Hedeby described by the Arab writer Al-Turtushi. Theres also a disproportionally small number of adult female graves in Late Iron Age Scandinavia and the occasional recovery of scattered childrens bones in Viking and medieval sites. Ashby suggests that the excitement and adventure of travel for the young Scandinavians shouldnt be dismissed. He suggests this impetus could be called status fever: that people who visit exotic locations often garner some sense of the extraordinary for themselves. Viking raiding was, therefore, a quest for knowledge, fame, and prestige, to escape the constraints of the home society, and, along the way, acquire valuable goods. Viking political elites and shamans had privileged access to the Arabian and other travelers who visited Scandinavia, and their sons then wanted to go out and do likewise. Viking Silver Hoards Archaeological evidence of the success of many of these raids—and the range of their booty capture—is found in the collections of Viking silver hoards, found buried all over northern Europe, and containing riches from all of the conquest lands. A Viking silver hoard (or Viking hoard) is a stash of (mostly) silver coins, ingots, personal ornaments and fragmented metal left in buried deposits throughout the Viking empire between about AD 800 and 1150. Hundreds of hoards have been found cached in the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, and northern Europe. They are still found today; one of the most recent was the Galloway hoard discovered in Scotland in 2014. Amassed from plunder, trade, and tributes, as well as bride-wealth and fines, the hoards represent a glimpse into the wide-ranging grasp of the Viking economy, and into the minting processes and silver metallurgy of the world at the time. About AD 995 when the Viking King Olaf I converted to Christianity, the hoards also begin to show evidence of the Viking spread of Christianity throughout the region, and their association with trade and urbanization of the European continent. Sources Ashby SP. 2015. What really caused the Viking Age? The social content of raiding and exploration. Archaeological Dialogues 22(1):89-106.Barrett JH. 2008. What caused the Viking Age? Antiquity 82:671-685.Cross KC. 2014. .Enemy and Ancestor: Viking Identities and Ethnic Boundaries in England and Normandy, c.950-c.1015 London: University College London.Graham-Campbell J, and Sheehan J. 2009. Viking Age gold and silver from Irish crannogs and other watery places. The Journal of Irish Archaeology 18:77-93.Hadley DM, Richards JD, Brown H, Craig-Atkins E, Mahoney Swales D, Perry G, Stein S, and Woods A. 2016. The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire. Antiquaries Journal 96:23-37.Kosiba SB, Tykot RH, and Carlsson D. 2007. Stable isotopes as indicators of change in the food procurement and food preference of Viking Age and Early Christian populations on Gotland (Sweden). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:394–411.Peschel EM, Carlsson D, Be thard J, and Beaudry MC. 2017. Who resided in Ridanà ¤s?: A study of mobility on a Viking Age trading port in Gotland, Sweden. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:175-184.Raffield B, Price N, and Collard M. 2017. Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding. Evolution and Human Behavior 38(3):315-324.

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost - 1287 Words

Life presents many decisions to be made. Some choices can be decided by individuals and others are left to fate. Robert Frost is widely known for his examinations of philosophical topics, such as fate, that have generated influential writings and relatable themes. His ability to capture nature only furthers the beauty of these philosophies. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† depicts Frost’s ideas on decision making with the use of symbolism of two paths through poetry. The effects of the two paths and the difficulty of the decision are furthered through the tone used to describe the differences in paths. Frost creates a somber tone, with a hint of hopefulness, to allude to the decision that is to come and the role that fate plays in the poem. The use of†¦show more content†¦With the beauty of fall and the two roads, the atmosphere remains somber within the path of the forest. However, the tone becomes one of regret quickly. The narrator knows that the decision will have long term effects on the life that develops from the choice. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both/ And be one traveler, long I stood,† reveals this sense of tension between making a conscious decision or leaving it up to fate (Frost 241). Standing present at the fork for a long time, allows for the tension to build between the narrator and nature, only furthering the somber tone. With the emphasis on contemplation, the reader learns that the poem is not simply about the paths. The paths are symbols for decision making; and the two components of that being individual choice or fate. With the narrator needing to make a decision, the tone changes to one of tension, which is expressed in the coming line. The narrator experiences this pressure with nature, but also with decision making. â€Å"And looked down one as far as I could/ To where it bent in the undergrowth,† reveals that only to one bend, on one path, can the narrator see what lies ahead (Frost 242). With the failure to see further down the path, the narrator places strain on themselves to make a decision that will have the best outcome. The two paths create a symbol for this anxiety in which individuals have on making decisions. The inability to predict the future forces an individual to place trust in

Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms free essay sample

For an individual, it must be treated as a continuous process that should not end when graduation rites in each particular level of schooling are being held. True education is life, it must always be a part of our daily living, whether through formal or informal means. Educational systems in general, and educational curriculum in particular, also need not to be static. The curriculum should respond to the demands of a fast-changing society. To some extent, it should also be global or internationally-aligned. These are the reasons why foreign and local educational educators in the past and until now have been introducing educational reforms and innovations. They have been searching means to address the problems being met in the implementation of a certain curriculums and to ensure the total development of every learner. I. The Past Movements for Social Change in the School System Social change affects education. Centuries ago, pioneers of education have sought to introduce renewal in education. We will write a custom essay sample on Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their ideas were far ahead than the actual renewal that took place later on. Among them were Commenius, Condorcet, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Dewey, Drecoly, Montessori and Freinet. 1. Johann Amos Commenius -â€Å"Father of Modern Education† Most permanent educational influences: a. practical educational work Comenius was first a teacher and an organizer of schools, not only among his own people, but later in Sweden, and to a slight extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), he outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university. Didactica Magna is an educational treatise which aimed to seek and find a method of instruction by which teachers may teach less but learners may learn more, by which the school may be the scene of less noise, aversion, and useless labor, but of more leisure, enjoyment and solid progress; and through which the Christian community may have less darkness, perplexity (confusion) and dissension (disagreement), but on the other hand, more light, orderliness, peace and rest. b. formulating the general theory of education In this respect he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etc. and is the first to formulate that idea of â€Å"education according to nature† so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. c. the subject matter and method of education -exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature His published works: Janua Linguarum Reserata (The Gateway of Language Unlocked) contained his convictio n (certainty) that one of the prerequisites for effective educational reform was a fundamental change in language of instruction. Orbis Pictus (The World of Sensible Things Pictured) contributed to the development of the principles of audio-visual interaction. It was the first successful applications of illustrations to the work of teaching, but not the first illustrated book for children. Schola Ludus (School as Play) a detailed exposition of the doctrine that all learning should be made interesting, dramatic and stimulating. These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: (1) learning foreign languages through the vernacular; (2) obtaining ideas through objects rather than words; (3) starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects: (4) giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; (5) making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task; and (6) making instruction universal. He also developed the pansophic scheme, the view that education should take the whole of human knowledge as its universe. For him, truth was indivisible and was to be seen as a whole. Thus by relating each subject to every other subject and to general principles, pansophia was to make the learner capable of wisdom. 2. Marquis De Condorcet Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat took his title Marquis de Condorcet from the town of Condorcet in Dauphine. He advocated that the aims of education were: o cultivate in each generation the physical, intellectual and moral facilities and, thereby contribute to the general and gradual improvement of the human race. He envisioned a national system of public education designed to develop the natural talents of all, making real equality possible. His proposals of the five levels of public instructions areas follows: 1. Elementary- for the teaching of the ‘elements’ of all knowledge (reading, writing, arithmetic, morals, economics and n atural science)and would be compulsory for all four years 2. Secondary school- of three years’ duration, teaching grammar, history and geography, one foreign language, the mechanical arts, law and mathematics. The teaching at this and the first level would be non-specialized. 3. Institutes- responsible for ‘substituting reasoning for eloquence and books for speech, and for bringing philosophy and the physical science methodology into the moral sciences’. The teaching at this level would be more specialized. Pupils would choose their own course of study (at least two courses a year) from among four classes: mathematics and physics, moral and political sciences, science as applied to the arts, and literature and fine arts. 4. Lycee the equivalent of universities, with the same classes as the institutes and ‘where all the sciences are taught in full. It is there that scholars-teachers receive their further training’. Education at this and the first three levels was to be entirely free of charge. 5. National Society of Science and the Arts a research institute responsible for supervising the formal education system as a whole and for appointing teachers. Its role would be one of scientific and pedagogical research. 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau According to the history of education, he was the first great writer to insist that education should be based upon the nature of the child. Rousseau’s Emile is a kind of half treatise, half novel that tells the life story of a fictional man named Emile. In the history of education, the significant contributions of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi are: 1) his educational philosophy and instructional method that encouraged harmonious intellectual, moral, and physical development Pestalozzis most systematic work, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801) was a critique of conventional schooling and a prescription for educational reform. Rejecting corporal punishment, rote memorization, and bookishness, Pestalozzi envisioned schools that were homelike institutions where teachers actively engaged students in learning by sensory experiences. Such schools were to educate individuals who were well rounded intellectually, morally, and physically. Through engagement in activities, students were to learn useful vocations that complemented their other studies. 2) his methodology of empirical sensory learning, especially through object lessons Pestalozzi designed object lessons in which children, guided by teachers, examined the form (shape), number (quantity and weight) of objects, and named them after direct experience with them. 3) his use of activities, excursions, and nature studies that anticipated Progressive education. He also emphasized the importance of the nature of the child and propounded (advocated) that in the educational process, the child must be thought in relation to the subject matter. He sought to understand the nature of the child and to build his teaching around the natural, progressive and harmonious development of all the powers and capacities. He is an advocate of each man’s right to education and of society’s duty to implement that right and pave the way to universal national education. His motto Learning by head, hand and heart is still a key principle in successful 21st-century schools. 5. Friedrich Froebel The German educator, Friedrich Froebel, was one of these pioneers of early childhood educational reform. Froebel’s educational principles: a) free self-activity As an educator, Froebel believed that stimulating voluntary self-activity in the young child was the necessary form of pre-school education (Watson, 1997a). Self-activity is defined as the development of qualities and skills that make it possible to take an invisible idea and make it a reality; self-activity involves formulating a purpose, planning out that purpose, and then acting on that plan until the purpose is realized (Corbett, 1998a). Corbett suggests that one of Froebels significant contributions to early childhood education was his theory of introducing play as a means of engaging children in self-activity for the purpose of externalizing their inner natures. ) creativity Froebel designed a series of instructional materials that he called gifts and occupations, which demonstrated certain relationships and led children in comparison, testing, and creative exploration activities (Watson, 1997b). A gift was an object provided for a child to play withsuch as a sphere, cube, or cylinderwhich helped the child to understand and internalize the concepts of shape, dimension, size, and their relationships (Staff, 1998). The occupations were items such as aints and clay which the children could use to make what they wished; through the occupations, children externalized the concepts existing within their creative minds (Staff, 1998). Therefore, through the childs own self-activity and creative imaginative play, the child would begin to understand both the inner and outer properties of things as he moves through the developmental stages of the educational process. c) social participation A third component of Froebels educational plan involved working closely with the family unit. Froebel believed that parents provided the first as well as the most consistent educational influence in a childs life. Since a childs first educational experiences occur within the family unit, he is already familiar with the home d) motor expression Motor expression, which refers to learning by doing as opposed to following rote instructions, is a very important aspect of Froebels educational principles. Froebel did not believe that the child should be placed into societys mold, but should be allowed to shape his own mold and grow at his own pace through the developmental stages of the educational process. 6. John Dewey He contributed the educational philosophy which maintains that education is life, education is growth and education is a continuous reconstruction of human experiences from the beginning to the end of life. He was the spokes person of progressive education which states that aims have significance only for persons, not for processes such as education, and arise only in response to problematic situations in ongoing activities. Aims are to be viewed as anticipated outcomes of transactions, as intrinsic aspects of the process of problem-solving, and as a motivating force behind the individual’s approach to problem-solving situations. The Progressive Education Association, inspired by Dewey’s ideas, later codified his doctrines as follows: a. The conduct of the pupils shall be governed by themselves, according to the social needs of the community. b. Interest shall be the motive for all work. c. Teachers will inspire a desire for knowledge, and will serve as guides in the investigations undertaken, rather than as task-masters. d. Scientific study of each pupil’s development, physical, mental, social and spiritual, is absolutely essential to the intelligent direction of his development. . Greater attention is paid to the child’s physical needs, with greater use of the out-of-doors. f. Cooperation between school and home will fill all needs of the child’s development such as music, dancing, play and other extra-curricular activities. g. All progressive schools will look upon their work as of the laboratory type, giving freely to the sum of educational knowledge the results of their experi ments in child culture. He believed that education has two sides: the psychological and the social on the same plane. Education must start from the psychological nature of the child as the basis for directing his energies into totally useful channels. Schools must be set up to include bond the individual and social goals. The needs of a new society are to be taken into consideration in modifying methods and curriculum. 7. Ovide Decroly He influenced instruction in the kindergarten, the aim of which was to guide the child’s desire for activity and to give him a sense of discipline and norms for his social behavior (same with Dewey) 8. Maria Montessori Maria Montessori left a long lasting mark on education around the world.